Decision Making

"When you arrive at a fork in the road, take it!"
Yogi Berra

Decision making skills can be very important in a careers context: Which career should I choose? Which university should I go to? Which course should I study? Of course they are also valuable in many other contexts in life.

The key steps in decision making are:

1. Clarify the nature of the problem before deciding action.

What is the purpose of the decision?
What is the expected outcome?
What are the key priorities: time, money, quality? Will a quick, cheap and cheerful solution do or do you need to invest time and cash to get things absolutely right?

2. Collect and summarise the data systematically.

Decisions can't be made in a vacuum! Gather, collate, classify and organise the information you need to make a decision. You need to analyse and evaluate all the important factors in making the decision. Analyse the various factors involved in the problem and identify the key ones.
Highlight any critical factors upon which the success on the decision will hinge.
Sound out the views and opinions of others: they may see something you have missed.

3. Use creativity/initiative in the generation of alternative solutions to the problem.

Produce a list of all the courses of action you can think of without trying to narrow these down. At this stage just produce a list of possible courses of action without trying to evaluate these. Brainstorming may help here (see below)
Think outside the box: don't just look at the obvious and tried and tested options. Don't be afraid to challenge the status quo.

How to brainstorm The purpose of brainstorming is to produce as many possible options as possible without evaluating them. Get a blank sheet of paper and write down any idea or possible solution which may help. Don't censor your ideas. Write down everything, no matter how silly or insignificant to keep the flow going as once idea might lead to another. Only once all the ideas have dried up, cross out or adapt all the weaker ideas: this should still leave you with a number of possible solutions. Brainstorming can be done in a group, in which case no comments should be made about the decisions proposed or group members put down for proposing unusual ideas.

4. Produce a SHORT list of the best options.

Remove any obviously poorer choices. Don't have too many options in your final list or it will be too confusing.
Differentiate between practical and impractical solutions.

5. Make your decision

For each of your shortlist of options consider its advantages and disadvantages. Try to recognise any inconsistencies in your reasoning and question any assumptions you have made.
Evaluate each option against the key factors to consider the combined effect of all the factors. Weight each factor in terms of importance paying particular attention to any critical factors. See the decision matrix below to help you do this.
Sometimes you may get so immersed that you may not be able to see the wood for the trees: if this happens sleep on it and postpone the decision until the next day. This may give you a fresh perspective.

Using a DECISION MATRIX to help you to decide between alternatives:

Make a short list of your key options and look at the positives and negatives for each item. Below is a very simple example. You could include many more factors.

Which career would be most appropriate for me: teacher, youth worker or sales executive?
Factors important to me in my career choice	Factor Weighting	Teacher	Youth Worker	Sales Executive
Job security	high (x 3)	9 (x3=27)	7 (x3=21)	4 (x3=12)
Informal working environment	medium (x2)	4 (x2=8)	9 (x2=18)	3 (x2=6)
9 to 5 work	low (x1)	6 (x1=6)	1 (x1=1)	5 (x1=5)
Good salary	low (x1)	4 (x1=4)	3 (x1=3)	8 (x1=8)
Job satisfaction	low (x1)	6 (x1=6)	7 (x1=7)	5 (x1=5)
Total		51	50	36

This suggests that for this particular person teaching and youth work would both be good alternatives, but a career in sales probably wouldn't suit them. Of course intuition (gut reaction) can also play a major part in making decisions, but a decision matrix may at least give you an idea of which is the most logical choice.

Stay committed to your decisions, but stay flexible in your approach. Tom Robbins In a moment of decision, the worst thing you can do is nothing. Theodore Roosevelt A peacefulness follows any decision, even the wrong one. Rita Mae Brown When you have to make a choice and don't make it, that is in itself a choice. William James Some persons are very decisive when it comes to avoiding decisions. Brendan Francis You've got a lot of choices. If getting out of bed in the morning is a chore and you're not smiling on a regular basis, try another choice. Steven Woodhull Decision is a sharp knife that cuts clean and straight; indecision, a dull one that hacks and tears and leaves ragged edges behind it. Gordon Graham Whether you decide you can or you can't, you're right! Good decisions come from experience, and experience comes from bad decisions.

6. Implement your decision

See our page on action planning
Try to have a backup (contingency) plan in case your first option doesn't work out.

Learn to argue your solution if there is opposition from others

If it is a group decision, consider the implications for the other members of the team.
Communicate your ideas to the other team members, explain your reasoning and make sure they understand the logic behind it and get their commitment to carry it out.
See our page on effective group work

7. Evaluate how well things went

Learn from the experience especially if your solution does not prove successful!

SWOT Analysis

A SWOT analysis is a subjective method used to evaluate the STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, and THREATS involved in trying to attain an objective. It involves specifying the objective and identifying the internal and external factors that are favourable and unfavourable to achieving the objective. It can be used as a business tool or on a personal level where it can help you take advantage of your talents, abilities and opportunities. It can help to clarify and summarise the key issues and opportunities facing you and thereby to set objectives and develop new strategies. It should help you to to maximise strengths and minimise weaknesses in order to take advantage of opportunities and reduce threats.

SWOT Analysis for an unemployed graduate looking to gain employment

	Helpful	Harmful
INTERNAL FACTORS	Strengths Attributes that help you to achieve your objective. What skills do you have that others don't have? Our Skills Inventory with help here. What skills have you gained in your degree? Have you any contacts who may be able to help you? What personal resources do you have access to? Is where you live an advantage or disadvantage? What do you do better than most other people? How can you utilise each strength? What do other people see as your strengths? I have a good degree from a good university I have good team working and organising skills I have good support from my family, friends & the Careers Service	Weaknesses Limitations that are harmful to achieving your objective. What skills could you improve? What can you avoid? I have no significant employment experience My computing skills are weak: take a course to improve this Not much money to do things. Have to live  at home with my parents: can't afford to move away because of lack of money.
EXTERNAL FACTORS	Opportunities Favourable situations that help you achieve your objective. Where opportunities are available to you? How can you exploit these? What opportunities do your strengths give you? What trends might help you? I have lots of free time to pursue things I haven't had time for before I can do voluntary work & learn new skills to enhance my CV It's a good chance to reevaluate where I'm heading in life	Threats External conditions which could create problems. What obstacles do you face? How can you lessen these? Could any of your weaknesses create problems? If I stay unemployed for too long it could be difficult to get a job Tough job market at present

Having said all the above, you also need to take into account your subconscious - your gut reaction will often make better decisions than any amount of analysis:

We live in a world that assumes that the quality of a decision is directly related to the time and effort that went into making it...We believe that we are always better off gathering as much information as possible an depending as much time as possible in deliberation. We really only trust conscious decision making. But there are moments, particularly in times of stress, when haste does not make waste, when our snap judgments and first impressions can offer a much better means of making sense of the world. The first task of Blink is to convince you of a simple fact: decisions made very quickly can be every bit as good as decisions made cautiously and deliberately.
 Malcolm Gladwell from his book "Blink"